Fluids (তরল)Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics and engineering that studies the behavior of fluids, both liquids and gases, and the forces acting upon them. It encompasses the study of fluid flow, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and the principles governing the motion and properties of fluids in various contexts.


Fluid Properties:

Fluid mechanics deals with the properties of fluids, including density, viscosity, pressure, temperature, and specific volume. These properties determine how fluids behave under different conditions and influences their flow characteristics.
Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid, while viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to flow. Pressure is the force exerted per unit area by a fluid on its surroundings, and temperature affects the viscosity and density of fluids.
Fluid Statics:

Fluid statics studies the behavior of fluids at rest or in equilibrium, without any relative motion between different parts of the fluid. It examines concepts such as hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces acting on submerged surfaces.
Pascal's law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and its container. Archimedes' principle describes the buoyant force experienced by an object immersed in a fluid, equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Fluid Dynamics:

Fluid dynamics focuses on the study of fluid motion and the forces and interactions that govern it. It analyzes the behavior of fluids in motion, including flow patterns, velocity profiles, turbulence, and drag forces.
The Navier-Stokes equations form the fundamental equations of fluid dynamics, describing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for a fluid flow. These equations are used to model and predict the behavior of fluids in a wide range of applications.
Types of Fluid Flow:

Fluid flow can be classified into different types based on the characteristics of the flow field, such as velocity, viscosity, and the presence of turbulence. Common types of fluid flow include laminar flow, turbulent flow, and transitional flow.
Laminar flow is characterized by smooth, orderly flow patterns with parallel layers of fluid moving in the same direction. Turbulent flow, on the other hand, is characterized by chaotic, irregular flow patterns with mixing and eddy formations. Transitional flow exhibits characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow and occurs during the transition between these regimes.

Applications and Engineering:

Fluid mechanics has diverse applications in engineering, science, and technology, influencing the design and optimization of a wide range of systems and devices. It plays a crucial role in fields such as aerospace engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and biomedical engineering.
Examples of applications include the design of aircraft wings and aerodynamic profiles, the analysis of fluid flow in pipelines and channels, the design of hydraulic systems and pumps, the modeling of ocean currents and atmospheric phenomena, and the study of blood flow in the human body.


Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics:

Experimental fluid dynamics involves conducting experiments and measurements to study fluid behavior in laboratory settings or real-world environments. Experimental techniques include flow visualization, particle image velocimetry (PIV), and wind tunnel testing.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a computational approach to simulating fluid flow and analyzing fluid behavior using numerical methods and computer simulations. CFD enables the prediction and visualization of fluid flow phenomena, providing insights into complex flow patterns and system performance.
Fluid mechanics is a fundamental discipline with broad applications in engineering, science, and technology. Its principles and concepts are essential for understanding and analyzing the behavior of fluids in diverse contexts, from the flow of air over an aircraft wing to the circulation of blood in the human body.