Topic: Substitution, Expression, & Definition,

Best Answer Explained in Below-:

The correct answer is C) Red-tapism, which refers specifically to excessive bureaucratic procedures and formalities that can hinder progress or efficiency. The term originated from the practice of wrapping official documents in red tape, symbolizing the convoluted and often frustrating processes involved in governmental and administrative functions. Red-tapism typically manifests as lengthy approval processes, an overabundance of rules, and often unnecessary documentation, which can stifle initiative and delay necessary actions.

While options like B) Diplomacy and D) Bureaucracy are related concepts, they do not capture the specific negative connotation of excessive formality that red-tapism denotes. Diplomacy often involves careful negotiation and formalities, but it is not inherently problematic. Bureaucracy, while it includes elements of formal processes, does not explicitly imply an overwhelming amount of unnecessary steps or impediments. Nepotism, option A, refers to favoritism based on family relationships and is unrelated to formal processes. In summary, red-tapism accurately embodies the issues associated with excessive official formalities.