Extra constitutional bodies or
Non-constitutional bodies derive their authority
by a law created by the parliament, an ordinance
promulgated by the president or an executive
order. It does not have mention in the
constitution. (1) Statutory Body: Created by a
law passed by the parliament. Example -
Information commission, National Human
Rights Commission (formed to conform to
United Nations charter on Human rights),
Lokpal, CBI. (2) Executive bodies: Created by
an executive order - i.e. order of a ministry of
union or state. Such bodies have no
constitutional or law backing them. Example:
Planning commission (now replaced by MT'
Aayog), UIDAI (Aadhar card).
ভাষা ও ভাষার উৎপত্তি
Plasma Physics (প্লাজমা পদার্থবিদ্যা)
Laser (লেজার)
Quantum materials (কোয়ান্টাম উপকরণ)
Particle physics (কণা পদার্থবিজ্ঞান)
Optics (অপটিক্স এবং ফোটোনিক্স)